The Effects Of Cigarette Smoking On The Body And Others

Introduction Cigarette smoking is one of the most common known causes of diseases. It has a negative effect on the body and others who are around the person smoking, but being able to quit can positively change a person’s health. Nicotine is one of the biggest component in a cigarette, it stimulates the central nervous system which then gives the smoker a pleasurable feeling. The cigarette’s stimulants make smoking very addictive, which causes smoking cessation challenging for a person. There are now various amounts of ways to help them gradually stop, and the number of different alternatives that are readily available can greatly affect the person’s habits. One common way to help smoking cessation is the use of an electronic cigarette.†¦show more content†¦The study by Bullen et al. (2013) and Hann, Mnatzaganian, Rahman, Wilson, and Worall-Carter (2015) states that e-cigarettes without nicotine is not as effective for cessation. This is due to the fact that it does not have the same effect as a regular cigarette, which contains nicotine. In the study conducted by Bullen et al. (2013), out of the 73 people who were given placebo e-cigarettes, only 3 were able to continue their cessation after six months (p.1633). The results of these studies can be due to the fact that the e-cigarette does not contain nicotine and the smoker is not getting the pleasurable feeling a nicotine gives. The results of the use of e-cigarettes with nicotine resulted with a higher outcome, which will be explained in Alternatives with Nicotine. A device that contradicts the previous study because evidence shows that it can actually help is a nicotine-free inhalator. This only allows the person to replace the physical gestures that they associate with smoking a regular cigarette, such as hand to mouth action. By using this technique, Arcidiacono et al. (2011) implemented this in a smoking-cessation program for a six-month study, they recruited smokers that ex haled a certain amount of carbon monoxide. Within the six-months, they compared the results of week four to week twenty-four. Week four consisted of 23 out of the 60 to successfully quit and by weekShow MoreRelatedA History of Tobacco and Smoking in America1174 Words   |  5 PagesEvery year cigarette smoking is responsible for 500,000 premature deaths (Nugel), you do not want to be just another statistic, do you? America’s first cash crop was tobacco. That means that tobacco has been around for a really long time. It was not until 1865, though, that cigarettes were sold commercially. They were sold to soldiers at the end of the Civil War (Dowshen). From then, cigarettes spread like wildfire, and it was not until 1964 that anyone made a stand about the negative effects of tobaccoRead MoreShould We Be Healthier Than Smoking Cigarettes870 Words   |  4 Pagesthan smoking cigarettes. 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However, when one lights up a cigarette and smokes where other are present, one not only affects his or her own body, but others as well. This refers not only to the inconvenience of someone smoking near you, but also to the affect of secondhand smokeRead MoreThe Effects of Tobacco Essay example911 Words   |  4 Pagesproven that cigarette smoking is the major cause of death globally. According to Surgeon General Smoking represents the most extensibly documented cause of disease, ever investigated in the history of biomedical research. The relation between smoking and human disease cannot be directly tested. It is morally and ethically incorrect. Therefore, other research has been developed to establish a very high degree of scientific p robability. 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Language As A Form Of Control - 1744 Words

Language as a Form of Control: The Use Psycholinguistics in Babel-17 The psychology of language has always been a complex and fluid study in which scientists investigate the cognitive processes that make it possible to generate a grammatical and meaningful sentence out of vocabulary and phonetic structures, as well as factors that let people acquire, produce, and comprehend language as an entirety. Samuel L. Delaney’s 1966 science fiction novel, Babel-17, explores a psycholinguistic approach to understanding the human mind, illustrating the complex effects of language on thought. We see firsthand how specific vernaculars hold the capability to manipulate the mind, and altogether change the patterns of thought, making language a central figure in behavior and grasping concepts. Psycholinguistics is the study of the way operations of the mind make language possible. It is a â€Å"cross-disciplinary field,† stemming from findings from areas such as cognitive psychology, theoretical linguistics, phonetics, neurology, discourse analysis, semantics, and education. Essentially, the field explores the cognitive processes that underlie the function, storage, and acquisition of language. While psycholinguists understand that language users are unique individuals that possess different linguistic repertoires, their primary aim is to research general patterns of behavior across the human mind. Those patterns could potentially illustrate the capabilities and biases of the human psyche andShow MoreRelatedLanguage Manipulation And The Danger1481 Words   |  6 PagesLanguage Manipulation and the Danger it Causes Justin Ward ENG3U Mrs.Sara Berry December 18th, 2014  George Orwell’s popular novel 1984 takes place in Oceania, currently ruled by The Party Oceania is an example of what Orwell envisions a totalitarian government and society. 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A great quantity of English teachers consider the significant part of English teaching is about improving the communicative competence of students and grammar is less concerned than it. ItRead MoreLanguage As The Primary Source Of Political Discourse And Hegemony1244 Words   |  5 PagesEvaluating the text from a Structuralist perspective reveals language as the primary source of political discourse and hegemony. In 1984, language is both an instrument and an effect of power. Michel Foucault’s discursive practices suggest that discourse â€Å"transmits and produces power† (Foucault, 1980). It has the capacity to govern social interactions, limit the parameters of human thought and endorse political ideologies. 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Target Marketing in Bottle Water free essay sample

Target marketing and market segmentation of Bling H20 Bling H20 crystal-encrusted of Beverly Hills is the inspiration of Kevin G. Boyd, a Hollywood writer-producer. While working on various studio lots where image is, well, everything, he noticed that you could tell a lot about a person by the bottled water he/she carried. So Just like any other savvy business person, he decided to capitalize on his finding. Our product is strategically positioned to target the expanding super- luxury consumer market. Target marketing Kotler (2004) Here, the seller identifies market segments, selects one or more of hem, and develops products and marketing mixes tailored to each. For example, if the Bling H20 were available in Australia, the marketer would only select super-luxury consumers as target marketing. There are three main steps in target marketing. The first is market segmentation -dividing a market into distinct groups of buyers with different needs, characteristics or behavior who might re quire separate products or marketing mixes. The company identifies different ways to segment the market and develops profiles of the resulting market segments. There are four variables that used in analyzing consumer market segments geographic, demographic, and psychographic and behavior variables. Today, I take the Bling H20 as example to apply those variables to help me to understand more deeply about the market segmentation. According to Kotler, Adam and Brown et al. (2004, p216-226) Geographic segmentation calls for identifying and analyzing the different geographical units that make up a market nations, regions, states, municipalities, cities or neighborhoods. For example, Bling H20 targets the super -luxury consumer arket then this product should match the location where the consumers who have the purchase power for this product. New South Wales like Mosman, Woollahra or Hunters Hill, Kuringai, North Sydney. Demographic segmentation consists of identifying which variables such as age, gender, family size, family life-cycle stage, income, occupation, education, religion, race and nationality. For example, Bling H20 may more focus on the income segmentation. Bling H20 targets the affluent consumers with luxury goods. Psychographic segmentation, buyers are divided nto different groups based on socioeconomic status, lifestyle, or personality characteristic. The Bling H20 may focus on those have high socioeconomic status. Boyd said In Hollywood it seemed as if people flaunted their bottled water like it was part of their presentation. Behavior segmentation enables buyers to be grouped on the basis of their knowledge of the product, their attitude toward it, the way they use it and their responses to it. Occasions: When a product is consumed or purchased. For example, selling Bling water in the upscale restaurants. Loyalty: Loyal onsumers those who buy one brand all or most of the time are valuable customers. For example Paris Hilton buys Bling H20 for her dog. 2. Bottled water industry in Australia An overview of bottled water industry was provided in Australian Beverage organisation show the bottled water market has continued its strong growth pattern Australians showing a marked bias for a natural great tasting product of consistent quality. Near waters include such products as flavoured natural spring water without sugar, or vitaminised waters that may contain low levels of sugars or other sweeteners. Lee (2008) describes the bottled water market is expected to grow 9. 1 per cent to $460 million this financial year, according to a forecast by the market researcher IBIS World, and Australia lags other developed countries in consumption. In the next year Australians are expected to drink 242 megalitres of bottled water, the equivalent of 19 600-millilitre bottles each. IBIS World predicts a boom in premium water as manufacturers claw back the higher costs of producing the plastic bottles from a crude oil derivative. The broadcast of the World Today (2004) interviewed Tony Gentile, chief executive of the Australian Beverages Council as well as the Australasian Bottled Water Institute, which acts as an industry association and a certifying agency. One issue facing the industry is that we dont know what sort of impact a broad economic slowdown might have. Australians like their water low in mineral salts, compared to, say, Europeans, Gentile says. There is sometimes a perception that bottled water competes with tap water, but it is Just not the case, except with those drinkers who drink it because they dont like the fluoride or hlorine associated with tap water. Aside from that, the competition is with other bottled dri nks, especially carbonates. He also said bottled water has the advantage, of course, in competition with other commercial beverages of being calorie free, and a lot of people especially like the taste of spring water, because it doesnt contain chlorine Australias Manufacturing and Industrial Directory website (2004) has details of Consumer trends, Food and beverage manufacturers are also changing their strategy in how they are marketing products, according to Stanton, who points o a trend towards not only communicating more information about a product, but explaining the benefits of the products contents. Consumers are also becoming more environmentally conscious with a preference for simple packaging. INDUSTRY REGULATIONS The Food Standards Australia New Zealand website (2010) sets the minimum standards for all types of bottled water. These regulations are set out in the Food Standards Code. The primary standard is 2. 6. 2 Non-alcoholic Beverages and Brewed Soft Drinks Bottlers must comply with this and all other requirements of the code. Also the ABWI is the peak industry council and certifying organisation for water bottlers in Australasia. Bottled water produced by ABWI members must meet standards that are in some cases stricter than the FSANZ standards. ABWI has developed a quality assurance program called the Model Code, which is a strict set of standards for the safe processing of bottled water about the Model Code. 3. Ethical concerns and defend the marketing strategy Waste of resource Too much needless consumption, too much unnecessary waste, and too much ego product, actually, most of people dont like this product at all. Some comments like we have starving people all over the world but some celebrities still want to show how stupid they waste on the money which they can do some else to help communities and it is a bit like the emperors new clothes really from the TMZ bling water: say what ? Consumerist concern This kind of product may resulted in the worship of consumerism and gave rise to the dominance of new egoism and gave birth to a new generation of upper class consumers Businesses have realized that wealthy consumers are the most attractive targets for marketing their products. The upper class tastes, lifestyles, and references trickle down to become the standard which all consumers seek to emulate. The not so wealthy consumers can purchase something new that will speak of their place in the tradition of affluence. A consumer can have the instant gratification of purchasing an expensive item that will help improve their social status. Environmental concern 24 April, 2007A number of organizations connected with environment, social Justice and religion have come down heavily upon Americas obsession with drinking the costly, bottled natural water, instead of consuming water from the tap, since the ractice adds to global warming, besides being unethical. Bling h20 Marketing strategy Status symbols were certainly at the height of celebrities concern. One article after another questioned the products price point or deemed it the sample of conspicuous consumption. But that is the strategy which makes the product stands out. By itself, the water is sourced from a natural spring in Dandridge, TN, where it undergoes a nine-step purification process. Strategically, distribute this product to right person in right place. Image proved to be the driving force behind the success of Bling H20. Meanwhile, brand manager can expanding the product line with a new drink target different market by market segmentation.

Importance of Internal Controls-Free-Samples-Myassignmenthelp.com

Question: Discuss about the Concept of Internal Control Persisting in an Organization. Answer: Introduction This particular study focuses upon the concept of internal control persisting in an organization. Internal control essentially refers to the set of controls that have been established in an organization in order to enable the organization to achieve its objectives in terms of efficiency and effectiveness pertaining to the operations of the business. Internal controls review and recheck the quality of financial reporting and also make sure whether they comply with the laid down policies and regulations. In more simple terms any control that is implemented in the organization in order to mitigate risk falls under the purview of internal controls. In this particular study the importance of implementing internal controls in an organization and how the implemented controls have helped the organization in achieving the company goals have been discussed. Literature Review Internal Control Concept and Components Internal control refers to the control that has been established inside an organization in order to strengthen its operational activities and improve the quality of regular day to day proceedings of business. An internal control in general acts as a catalyst that is it improves or influences the already implemented positive policies or regulations of an organization. For instance a successful implementation of internal control lies in segregation of duties. Segregation of duties in an organization is very important. For example a particular employee who is responsible for receiving cash from customers should not also be delegated with the task of recording them in the books. A different employee steps in for handling such a responsibility and therefore it is at this point that the internal control of segregation of duties has been established. Other duties that fall under the principle of internal control are utilization of technological controls, maintenance of records and conductin g independent regular reviews. These principles of internal control therefore are the reference points of the management for establishing and implementing procedures for protecting the assets of the company (Hammersley, Myers Zhou, 2012). The components of internal control include Control Environment; Information and Communication; Control Activities; Monitoring; and Risk Assessment. Control Environment refers to that component of internal control which determines the pitch of the organization and instills awareness about such control among the employees. It lays the basic structure for all other components of internal control. Information and Communication refers to the processes and systems that help in identifying, capturing and exchanging information in a structured and framed way so as to support the employees in carrying out their responsibilities in a proper way. Control Activities refer to that component of internal control which establishes a set of regulations and policies for ensuring the execution of the directives set by the management. Lastly Monitoring refers to the processes that are required for the purpose of assessing the quality of the internal control established in the organization over time. The above mentioned components of internal control make the entire process easy to understand as well as implement (Hermanson, Smith, Stephens, 2012). Benefits of implementing Internal Control Internal controls not only increase the efficiency of an organization but also simplify the work done by employees by setting clear goals and by continuously monitoring and reviewing the quality of the procedure in which the desired results are obtained. However the major benefits of implementing Internal Control in an organization are that they help in preventing fraud especially in the financial statements of an organization; they also help in preventing errors in preparing the financial statements; spotting the errors in the financial statements is also facilitated by the implementation of internal controls; internal controls also result in reduced lawsuit and insurance claims. Internal control prevents fraud by segregating the duties of the employees. For instance internal control of a bank may require an employee collecting the cheques for cash withdrawal by customers and another employee authorizing those withdrawals thus mitigating the chances of fraudulent activity. Internal controls not only help in preventing fraud but also prevent the occurrence of errors in business. Reviews at periodic intervals and surprise tests of the quality of the finished products help in preventing errors. Implementation of internal control in order to ensure that all the transactions that take place inside an organization are authorized also play an important role in preventing errors. Implementation of proper internal control also help in establishing clear, concise and defined guidelines in relation to the ethical conduct and other management implemented policies and regulations of the organization. This help in reducing the risk of lawsuits and costly insurance claims. Essentially the internal controls ensure welfare of the employees. Internal controls also help to make the financial statements error free. They mitigate the common occurrences of errors in the financial statements like misappropriation of assets and material misstatements (Vijayakumar Nagaraja, 2012). Internal Controls an aid to the external auditors An external auditor who has no internal knowledge about the inner operation of an organization obtains great help from the internal controls that are accurately implemented within the organization. An organization that has proper internal control implemented within it will automatically generate certain features that will help an external auditor to assess the organization. One of these features are creation of an ethical code within the organization. The employees of the organization communicate with each other honestly and with integrity. Each of the employees would be competent enough to manage their own task and their dependence on management would be minimized. There would be periodic training sessions and workshops that would keep the employees updated and at par with the technical improvements or implementations within the organization. In addition to all these features the major area where the internal control helps the external auditor is the integrity of the financial state ments. A properly implemented internal control would allow an external auditor to spot errors like material misstatements in the books of accounts with much ease. With the introduction of technology in the industries, the companies have become much more exposed to fraud. For instance backing up of data in a computerized system not only increases the risk of losing the data but also the risk of hacking the crucial information from the system by an imposter increases. An accurate internal control like password protected portals and regular backing up of data would help an external auditor to work more easily (Yee et al., 2017). The internal auditors within an organization develop a risk assessment plan in order to mitigate the risks related to the preparation of the financial statements. Risk related to the occurrence of material misstatement or fraud in the books of accounts if identified by the internal auditors, they develop internal control in order to reduce the risk. Surprise review of the financial statements and the fixation of the minimum amount of materiality are some of the internal controls adopted by the internal auditors. These implementation of internal controls help an external auditor to execute his job with much ease. According to ISA 315, an internal auditor can be of great help to an external auditor provided that he carries out his work with utmost sincerity and care Feizizadeh, 2012).. For instance Skoda Minotti an auditing firm was able to find out fraud by performing risk assessment procedures in a scrap industry firm which was its client. The implementation of a proper set of internal control by the audit team helped the company to finally identify the person responsible for the disparity in the books of accounts ("Skoda Minotti Fraud After an Internal Control Assessment", 2017). Another instance is when a public company required help in order to implement the 2013 COSO Framework hired a consultancy firm named Accounting Business Consultants. The auditing team after proper scrutiny of the situations prevailing in the company provided proper guidance and leadership in implementing proper internal controls that helped the company in identifying the exact irregularities that hampered business ("Internal Controls Case Study | Audit Services in Northeast", 2017). Limitations of Internal control There are certain limitations that come along with the implementation of internal control within an organization. These are management override, lack of monitoring due to staff turnover, collusion and limited judgment. Management override refers to the manipulation of the prescribed policies and procedures by a high level official of the management in order to satisfy his personal needs. Such an action will never let an implemented internal control reach its desired objective. Another important limitation of internal control is the lack of monitoring. The controls implemented have to be monitored on a regular basis so as to check whether any disparity or irregularity has occurred in its obtained results. But this is not always achieved due to fact that the staff delegated with the responsibility to perform the task does not turn up or lack interest to do the job. Collusion refers to a form of fraud that may be done a group of imposters within the organization. A group of people together may manipulate the books of accounting statements in such a way that the internal control will never be able to identify the disparity. The only solution left in that case is external audit. Lastly quick judgment refers to the fact that internal controls are essentially decisions taken by the management under pressure to find out the loopholes in the company within a given time period. Thus the entire process is based on human judgment that is limited with the information currently available (Li et al., 2012). Conclusion Thus from the above study it can be understood that internal controls are very effective and efficient in identifying the irregularities or fraud that otherwise cannot be identified. An internal auditor after proper scrutiny determines the internal controls that are to be implemented within an organization and wait for the controls to come up with the solutions. It is advisable by every financial regulator to implement internal control within an organization. Though there are certain limitations of these controls but most of them are due to carelessness or lack of interest on the part of the management or employees. Therefore an organization that is really interested to make its operations error free should implement internal controls. References Feizizadeh, A. (2012). Strengthening internal audit effectiveness. Indian Journal of Science and Technology, 5(5), 2777-2778. Hammersley, J. S., Myers, L. A., Zhou, J. (2012). The failure to remediate previously disclosed material weaknesses in internal controls. Auditing: A Journal of Practice Theory, 31(2), 73-111. Hermanson, D. R., Smith, J. L., Stephens, N. M. (2012). How effective are organizations' internal controls? Insights into specific internal control elements. Current Issues in Auditing, 6(1), A31-A50. Internal Controls Case Study | Audit Services in Northeast. (2017). Abcpas.com. Retrieved 30 October 2017, from https://www.abcpas.com/case-study-sixteen.htm Li, C., Peters, G. F., Richardson, V. J., Weidenmier Watson, M. (2012). The consequences of information technology control weaknesses on management information systems: The case of sarbanes-oxley internal control reports. Mis Quarterly, 36(1). Skoda Minotti Fraud After an Internal Control Assessment. (2017). skodaminotti.com. Retrieved 30 October 2017, from https://cpa.skodaminotti.com/fraud-after-an-internal-control-assessment Vijayakumar, A. N., Nagaraja, N. (2012). Internal Control Systems: Effectiveness of Internal Audit in Risk Management at Public Sector Enterprises. BVIMR Management Edge, 5(1). Yee, C. S., Sujan, A., James, K., Leung, J. K. (2017). Perceptions of Singaporean internal audit customers regarding the role and effectiveness of internal audit. Asian Journal of Business and Accounting, 1(2), 147-174.